How to make INDIA A WORLD CLASS COUNTRY?
KRISHAN KHANNA 52nd Anniversary of India's Independence
Receipient - National Citizens Award 1995-96 July 1999, Version No.1203
Presented by the Hon'ble Prime Minister of India
Subject: How to make INDIA - A WORLD-CLASS COUNTRY ? or
How to ensure GOOD GOVERNANCE & GOOD ADMINSTRATION ? or
How to DIFFUSE the BIGGER BOMBS in our BACKYARD ? or
Protection to 3% of the Population, AT THE COST OF THE NATION - Why?
1. 1.As you are a very important part of the Indian economy, I write this letter to share my thoughts with you. If we wish to make India into a world-class country, something which we have NOT been able to accomplish during the last 51 years of Independence, the one and only objective should be to make our Human Resource World Class, especially of our ORGANISED SECTOR. India must Benchmark versus the Best, in the world.
2. After 51 years of freedom, India's per capita is US$360/yr vs. China's $840 and USA's $35,000, WHY?. Poverty Line, as per GOI, at US$ 90/yr, as per World Bank, $1/day or $365/yr. Market Capitalisation of Indian quoted companies at US$ 115 billion (only Microsoft US$ 414 billion). India's Free Reserves are US$32 billion vs. China's $145 billion, WHY? In 1998, FDI into India was US$ 2 billion vs. US$ 45 billion into China, WHY? China's Literacy Rate is nearly double of India, WHY? Tourist Arrivals into China are nearly 25 times more than India, WHY? If one visits Beijing or Shanghai, every thing looks "Spic & Span", in comparison, Bombay & New Delhi look like "Garbage Dumps! WHY? China's World Trade is 7 times of India's, WHY? India's share of world trade dropped from 2.8% (1947) to 0.45% (1998), a negative growth of 600%. WHY? One needs to analyse India's poor performance. In short, Indians are extremely poor, by World Standards! As per World Bank's defination, more than 75% of Indians are below the Poverty line!
3. Unless we can manage our "Organised Sector", which is responsible for every part of the economy, to "World Class Standards" there is very little hope of the country's fast and rapid economic growth in the short, medium and long term. Effective, good administration and governance is possible only by high quality personnel.
4. India has had 51 years of holidays! In a poor country like India, some people are protected for the wrong reasons and paid for not working! The organised sector, 3% of the population (from CEO to Coolie), "which is not the vote bank" has been pampered to such an extent that the entire country's economy has been completely crippled in all areas. There is no fear of doing anything wrong, because there is no fear of loss of job.
5. The "Engine" which supposedly drives India, is the "Organised Sector". "which touches every part of the economy". Out of the total population of 1000 million, this sector employs 30 to 34 million people. We need to make this "Engine" World Class. Then only can the "Train" i.e. the Indian Economy, move with rapid progress into the next century. India has 300 million "unemployed", 380 million "below poverty line" and 350 million in the "unorganised sector"!(these sectors overlap) Only a healthy economy can benefit them.
6. Investments of money and technology will flow automatically into the Best Organisations, Best Cities, Best Villages, Best Districts and Best States of India. Everything else is secondary !
7. The employees in the "organised sector" are the privileged lucky few, 3% of the population, who are very well to do, in a very poor nation. Only 2% of the Indians are tax assessees, mostly from this sector. These employees are not the "vote bank" and have to understand and realise that they cannot continue to behave irresponsibly (eg. always fighting for their rights, but not their duties) since they are part of the Top 10% of India's population, in terms of per capita earning. Only Performance can Protect the Right to Employment.
8. We should PROTECT employment, but NOT the employees, who do not work and who are corrupt. CORRUPT and INEFFICIENT employees should be FIRED and REPLACED with HIGH QUALITY new employees.
9. In 1947, India had hundreds of small kingdoms and probably 500 Maharajas. The common man now feels that India has "Millions of 'Mini' Maharajas", especially employees of the State and Central Government, on whom the entire Nation looks up to "Set an Example & a Pace", for Good Governance & Good Administration.
10. A} India needs a "Fire and Hire" NATIONAL POLICY but without any retrenchment.
B)VRS, Exit Policy, Downsizing, Retrenchment etc. should be left to the individual organisations.
C)"Work Ethics" and "Work Culture" include "Fear of Loss of Job". EMPLOYEE LAWS need change, ASAP.
11. The biggest impediment, to India's Globalisation, is Article 311 of the Indian Constitution, which protects employees of the State and Central Govt. We should compare this with the ones in UK, USA and China and also amendments made in the last 52 years! ("Employee Laws" include all "Labour Laws").
12. You may like to include this point for Economic Reforms, since Healthy and Vibrant Organisations create jobs.
13. Protection to 3% of the population, at the cost of the nation! Why? India is entering a "Black Hole", of its own making. Why should the nation's balance 970 million people, pay the heavy price of Payment without Performance & Accountability, and for Go-Slows, Strikes & Agitations? India needs to put its house in order.
14. The only one thing "constant" in life is "change". Is India going to change? It depends upon you!
(Krishan Khanna is an IIT Kharagpur, B.Tech (Mech.) 1961 Batch and has 38 years experience in Industry and Business).
How to make INDIA - A WORLD-CLASS COUNTRY ? or
How to ensure to GOOD GOVERNANCE & GOOD ADMINSTRATION in INDIA?
How to DEFUSE the BIGGER BOMBS in our BACKYARD ? or
Protection to 3% of the Population, AT THE COST OF THE NATION - Why?
On the 51st Anniversary of India's Independence, I humbly submit to the citizens of our great nation, an analysis and solution to most of our country's problems. We can easily put India in its rightful place in the league of nation's by bringing in World Class Management of our Human Resources.
1. THE MAJOR INGREDIENT FOR THE SUCCESS OF A NATION.
If we wish to make India into a world-class economy, something which we have not been able to accomplish during the last 51 years of Independence, the one and only objective should be to make our human resource world class, in the shortest possible time. Investments of money and technology will follow automatically into the Best Organisations, Best Cities, Best Districts, Best Villages and Best States of India. Everything else is secondary !
The "engine" which supposedly drives the Indian Economy, is the segment under the heading of "organised sector", which touches every part of the economy. In this Sector about 30 to 34 million people of India are employed, out of the total population of 1000 million. We need to make this "engine" world class. Then only can the "train" i.e. the Indian Economy, move with rapid progress into the next century. In the "train", the passengers consist of 300 million unemployed, 380 million below poverty line and 350 million in the unorganised sector (sectors overlap)! Only a healthy economy can benefit them.
2. THE PROBLEM - INDIA IS A VERY POOR COUNTRY - WITH 300 MILLION UNEMPLOYED, 380 MILLION LIVING BELOW POVERTY LINE AND 350 MILLION PEOPLE WORKING IN THE UNORGANIZED SECTOR.
India is a very poor country, where nearly 40% of the people are below the poverty line. The present definition is for people who earn less than Rs.10 to 11 per day (as per Government of India, poverty line for urban areas is Rs.296 per month and for rural areas Rs.276 per month). As per GOI, this amount will buy food equivalent to 2100 calories per day. At this level of earning, even in a poor country like India, survival on Rs.10 per day is a nightmare! This actually translates to Rs.3650 per year or US$ 90 per year. On what basis have our planners decided this definition of "Poverty Line"? Does it mean that the person will get enough food to stay alive? What about Education, Housing, Health Services, Clothings, ...... and other basic necessities? Are we supposed to live on pavements and sleep under trees from Birth till Death?
If we take the definition of poverty line as per the World Bank (WB), it is US$ 1.00 per day or $365/year/capita, probably 70-75% of the country's population i.e. nearly 700-750 million people will be below the poverty line! The number is staggering as well as frightening. None of the political parties, in any of their agenda's, have publicly recognised this gigantic problem. They just do not talk about it. Like family planning and population control, this is not an issue and does not figure on the "action agenda" of any political party. 51 years of decadence, in the thought process of our country's leadership, has pushed India to becoming one of the poorest nations on this planet.
As many a Foreigner has remarked, after visiting India, 'quote' -
"One does not need to read Government Statistics, to know about the level of poverty in India. One need only to look at the faces of the Indian people in the villages and semi-urban areas of the country, where nearly 80% of the population live and one can see "Poverty" written across the faces of the lovely and simple people of India" - 'unquote'.
India's GDP at US$ 360 billion is only two times the turnover of General Motor Corp. USA! India's per capita income is US$ 360 per year. India's GDP is hardly 0.5% of the world's GDP, but India has 20% of the world's population.
Between 1947 to 1997 our market share, in world trade, dropped from 2.8% to 0.45%. A negative growth of 600%! India with 20% of the world population, hardly figures on the world economic map! Only 2% of our population are tax assesses!
India's 300 million "unemployed" and a large percentage of the 350 million in the "unorganised sector's" (Agriculture, Construction, Marginal and Cottage Sectors etc. do not even earn minimum wages!) only hope, of a better future, lies in the "organised sector" (the sector which touches every part of the economy) becoming world class and a cash generating, maximum efficiency machine, which will "trigger-off" massive expansion and investments in all areas of the economy.
INDIA IS NOT ABLE TO TAKE ADVANTAGE OF LOW-COST AND HIGH QUALITY HUMAN RESOURCES, BECAUSE OF VERY OUTDATED AND DEFECTIVE LAWS, GOVERNING EMPLOYMENT, WHICH HAVE BEEN FOLLOWED DURING THE LAST 51 YEARS. THEREFORE, CHINA ATTRACTS 22-25 TIMES MORE "FDI" AND EVEN "TOURISTS"!
3. THE REASON FOR THE PROBLEM - PROTECTION TO 3% OF THE POPULATION, AT THE COST OF THE NATION - WHY ? ARTICLE 311 OF THE INDIAN CONSTITUTION NEEDS AMENDMENT.
Article 311, of the Indian Constitution reads as follows: (1) No person, who is a member of a Civil Service of the Union or an All-India Service or a Civil Service of a State or holds a civil post under the Union or a State shall be dismissed or removed by any authority subordinate to that by which he was appointed. (2) No such person as aforesaid shall be dismised or reduced in rank. WE NEED TO STUDY THE SAME FOR UK, USA & CHINA & THEIR AMENDMENTS IN THE LAST 52 YEARS!
These laws protect 30 to 34 million employees, or 10% of the Total work force in India, that is, the so called "organised sector", the sector which is responsible for every part of the economy. This sector constitutes employees in the "public sector", the "joint sector" and the "private sector" whose earnings are probably more than 20 times of the poverty line levels and at least 3 to 15 times above the minimum wages. These 30 to 34 million people constitute 3% to 3.4% of India's population and definitely do not form part of the so called "vote-bank" of Indian politics.
YET FOR REASONS BEST KNOWN TO THE LEADERSHIP, AT THE CENTRE AND STATE LEVELS, THESE 30-34 MILLION PEOPLE ARE PROTECTED, AS IF WITHOUT THEM, THE COUNTRY DID NOT HAVE ANY ALTERNATIVE AND A RESPONSIBILITY TO THE BALANCE POPULATION OF 970 MILLION INDIAN CITIZENS !
How can a poor country like India, afford the luxury to continue to support sub-standard & low efficiency employees (at all levels i.e. from Chairman to lowest level) of loss making, sick and below par organisations, when 380 Million of its people are below the poverty line, 300 Million unemployed & 350 Million partly employed (in the unorganised sector). Lets learn from the experience of the last 51 years ! We seem to be protecing the Strong and neglecting the Weak!
4. HOW OTHER COUNTRIES HAVE ADDRESSED THIS PROBLEM - "FEAR OF LOSS OF JOB", IS PART OF "WORK ETHICS" AND "WORK CULTURE".
Study of the world-class developing economies, such as the South East Asian Tigers of Taiwan, Hongkong, Thailand, Malaysia, Singapore, etc. and even that of China, which has a population of one billion, clearly shows that certain levels of "work ethics" and "work culture", "including fear of loss of job", are necessary ingredients to a healthy economy.
People of this world of different religions and faiths pray to the Almighty. All these people are basically "God Fearing". Let us ask ourselves, would we pray and respect the Almighty, if we did not fear him? Our great leaders have always said that "work is worship", we need to ensure that this aspect is fully implemented.
High quality human resources are the most important ingredient for generation of wealth and not materials and money. USA and Europe are classic examples ! Just look at the economies of Japan and Germany after the second world war, and later on countries like South Korea, Taiwan, China, Malaysia, Singapore, etc. and one will easily conclude that high quality Human Resource was the single largest factor for their success.
5. THE TWO FACES OF INDIA'S FREEDOM - the BEAUTIFUL and the UGLY !
THE BEAUTIFUL FACE OF INDIA'S FREEDOM - The beautiful side of our freedom was dreamt by our leaders in the 20's, 30's, 40's and 50's. Freedom of religion, speech, expression and the press. Equal rights for men and women, freedom from bonded labour, freedom from caste, creed and colour. Freedom to vote, for any Indian citizen above 18 years of age, nonalignment of our Foreign Policy, etc.
Our past leadership drew out the Indian Constitution, which we were supposed to implement. It gave the necessary direction to support and protect the weak and down trodden, to fight for the poor, to uphold the law....... the contents are unending. Many other laws and procedures have been compiled but not fully implemented. Recently the country's economy has at last been liberalised and globalised and rapid economic growth is bound to follow.
THE UGLY FACE OF INDIA'S FREEDOM - The organised sector is constantly fighting for its rights but not its duties. There is payment for services but no guarantee of getting it. In the Organised Sector, whether one works or not, one is paid. We have the freedom now not to go to work, but get paid. In many organisations people are marked present even if they are not there, they are paid for not doing work! True to 'Deshi' form, 'goodies' are dished out by the 5th pay panel. What is the poor nation of India going to get in return? Some say, that India used to have 500 Maharajas before 1947, now we have millions of "Mini" Maharajas (employees of the organised sector), on whom the Nation looks up to set an example for Good Governance and Good Administration of the country. Does the "Organised Sector" Deliver?
51 years of freedom, for example, have given the freedom to drivers of cars, trucks and other vehicles to cross the red light as they please, to drive on the wrong side of one-way roads, to cut lanes, make U-turns and park whenever and wherever they please and to argue that they are doing the right thing! The same Indian drivers when they drive in USA, Germany or Dubai dare not even think of doing any of these wrong practices, since they will be served with so many fines and penalties, that just the fear of the thought of breaking of rules, keeps them within the law.
51 years of freedom have supposedly given the right to some women workers, in the organised sector, to do their knitting, their personal work and other chores in the office time. Many employees read their newspapers and other personal reading in the office time, because it is accepted, it is the done "Indian Thing". The late arrival of employees for work and early departure has become more or less standard practice, inspite of the 5 day work week. The lunch break is like a India-rubber band, half an hour could stretch to two hours! If there is a test cricket match or some thing else of national importance then advance sick leave is applied for and the same is granted in order to maintain good harmony between the Boss and the employee. Such understanding Indian 'Barra Sahibs'!
51 years of freedom, has given us the right to report sick every year for 21 days and get paid for it. Most of the employees of the Organised Sector have been constantly sick, every year, for the last 51 years for 21 days per year and not 20 days or 22 days per year! No prizes for guessing what happens in organisations where sick leave is two or four weeks. Are these people robots or humans ? What calibre of management is allowing such mismanagement ? Can India become World Class by turning a blind eye to such practices when nearly 700 million people are living below poverty line.
51 years of freedom have given the right to the citizens of this country to burn, break, steal, sell, deface, destroy, and last but not the least, to gift public property and get away with it, for some flimsy reason and cause. Sometimes it seems, that the plundering and loot of the Motherland, is the one thing, which is very well organised!
51 years of freedom have given us the right to stop work, whenever we want, or stop an organisation, stop a state or even the country. In a country, which is struggling to feed and clothe its 1000 million, a handful of 3% of the population makes the rest of the nation 'Dance to its Tune'. Can they do this in China, USA, Germany, Singapore, Malaysia, Taiwan and get away with it? The same Indians working in these countries are the "Best Employees", and also the best and most successful ethnic group in many countries. Can they dare behave like this in those countries, like they do in their own Motherland? In U.K., when Margret Thatcher took a tough stand against the striking coal miners strike, did the message go out loud and clear, either work or make way for others! In U.S.A., when the Air Traffic controllers threatened to Strike, President Ronald Reagen, called for a meeting of his chiefs of staff and others, and using National Security, as sufficient reason, sacked all the 30,000! In India, only 850 air traffic controllers, closed down the country's commercial airports for 10 days, causing a severe blow to exports, commerce, tourism, business, an unforgivable situation, for a poor couintry like India, especially when 90% of our airports are manned by the Airforce and Navy, and if ordered could have taken charge, with or without the help from friendly countries!
51 years of freedom have given the right and freedom to our leaders, bureaucrats and employees to stick to their seats of power, whether they can perform in their job or not. Many jobs are unofficially auctioned to the highest bidder so that he or she can plunder the country once he or she is in that job.
51 years of freedom have given the freedom to the so called strict, religious, vegetarian, leaders, bureaucrats and employees who do not eat meat, fish or eggs and are busy in a number of religious practices, such as "daan", "havans", "puja", "thirith-yatra", etc, but do not even blink an eyelid when they "gobble-up" millions of poor peoples rights and assets and have become, "Vegetarian Blood Suckers".
51 years of Freedom has given us the right not to pay or collect our electricity bills, telephone bills, sales tax, income tax and other state and government taxes. We do not care since no action is taken against the offenders. Many political leaders, bureaucrats and employees of the organised sector do not vacate their official residence even after their retirement from active duty. This is in complete contrast to what happens in other countries, where on the mid-night of the day of retirement, the person concerned, leaves his official residence for his next colleague. We do not care since no action is taken against the offenders. Infact it is a "Fashion Thing" to say that "I got raided", "I went to jail", and that "I have never paid any Government taxes in my life", "I am still staying in number ........ although I retired in 1971!" The list of malpractices is unending.
51 years of freedom have given the freedom to employees of various organisations and political parties to take bribes. Even if they are caught red-handed there is nothing to fear, this is not China where they would be executed. This is Free India, where at the most there will be some form of judicial enquiry which can carry on for 20-30 years, meanwhile the employee or the person concerned could get transferred to another assignment and then get promoted later on!
51 years of freedom have made a handful of the country's population, only 3%, the so called "Organised Sector", the apparent and rightful owners of our land and all its assets right from Kashmir to Kanyakumari. To make it happen, a handful of politicians are also intricately entwined in the set-up, to loot and plunder the Motherland.
51 years of freedom have made the "organised sector" so powerful that they have even brought the Hon'ble Prime Minister and his Cabinet Ministers to their knees where they have started making public statements that they are powerless to stop corruption, etc. (This list is only a small representation & can be further expanded to cover thousands of pages).
A) IS THIS THE TYPE OF FREEDOM WHICH WE REALLY WANT FOR OURSELVES, FOR OUR CHILDREN AND GRAND-CHILDREN ?
B) IS THIS THE INDIA OF LOK MANYA TILAK, RABINDRA NATH TAGORE, SRI AUROBINDO, SWAMI VIVEKANAND, SARDAR VALLABHAI PATEL, MAHATMA GANDHI, DR. RAJENDRA PRASAD, ZAKIR HUSSAIN, NETAJI SUBHASH BOSE, JAMSHEDJI TATA, DR. RADHAKRISHNAN, JAWAHARLAL NEHRU AND OTHER STALWARTS?
C) IS THIS THE INDIA FOR WHICH PEOPLE LIKE BHAGAT SINGH BECAME MATYRS?
D) IS THIS THE INDIA FOR WHICH FUTURE GENERATIONS WILL GIVE THEIR LIVES TO CHERISH AND PROTECT?
6. THE SOLUTION TO THE PROBLEM - FOR INDIA'S SURVIVAL IN THE WORLD ECONOMY.
Some analysts, feel that India has had 51 years of holidays, as there was no "fear" of "loss of job". All our "Bhavans" in the states and centre and the public and private sector, are fully manned. But how effective and accountable, are these critical human resources? Therefore, the first essential step is
(1) To have a "Fire & Hire" NATIONAL POLICY, but without any "retrenchment", so that India can "upgrade" its
"quality level of human resources" without reducing the number of people, as employed, today.
(2) VRS, Exit Policy, Downsizing, Retrenching etc. should be left to the individual organisations.
(3) "Work Ethics" and "Work Culture" include "Fear of Loss of Job". EMPLOYEE LAWS need to be amended, ASAP. For every vacant position, there would be hundreds of applications, from the vast reservoir of India's human resource.
The biggest problem, facing change of "Employee Laws", is Article 311 of the Indian Constitution, which protect employees of the State and Central Government, this then spills over to all Employees of the "Organised Sector". We need to investigate as to what is the present position regarding protection of employees of the "Organised Sector", in other countries such as U.K., U.S.A. & CHINA, and what amentments have been made, during last 52 years? In short, there can be no more "free lunches".Only perfromance can protect the right to employment.
Healthy and Vibrant organisations create jobs, something which the people of India need very badly. Unhealthy organisations and sick units are a drag on efficiency and bring down the economy.
This is a "golden key" by which we can turn the Indian economy from the "present low-class level" to a "high-class world economy". We must remember, that only one thing is "constant" in a healthy growing economy and that is "change"!
In the last few thousand years, India has given a lot to the world eg. the number "zero", some say Buddhism has been one of our greatest "exports", the list is unending... From the top ten countries of the world, 51 years ago, we are nearly at the bottom of the list. We need to put "our House" in order. We can do it and we shall achieve, only if we bring in our "best people" in the "organised sector", the sector which touches every aspect of our economy and which is "the engine" which will drive our economy to the heights of excellence !
P.S. : This note is also available in regional languages. Please contact at the address mentioned in the covering letter.
CURRICULUM VITAE
A. GENERAL INFORMATION
1. Name : Krishan Khanna Tel # +91-22-3806832
2. Address : 305, Olympus Fax # +91-22-3856782
Altamount Road Email krishan@vsnl.com
Bombay - 400 026
INDIA
3. Educational Qualification : B.Tech (Hons.) in Mechanical Engineering, First Place,
1961 from I.I.T. Kharagpur, India.
B. JOINT-VENTURE EXPERIENCE
1. HOGANAS INDIA LTD., - Vice Chairman - Since 1987.
Co-promoted this Indo-Swedish Joint Venture with Hoganas AB, Sweden, HIL, Manufactures Iron Powder.
Auditors : Price Waterhouse. Company listed on BSE and NSE.
2. TITANOR COMPONENTS LTD., - Director - Since 1990
Co-promoted this Indo-Italian Joint Venture with DeNora Permelec S.P.A., Milan, Italy, TCL. Manufactures plants for caustic-chlorine, Electrochlorinators and impressed current cathodic protection equipment.
Auditors : KPMG. Company listed on BSE & NSE.
C. SOFTWARE RELATED EXPERIENCE
1. CONSORTIUM OF INDIA SOFTWARE COMPANIES - 1997
Formed a consortium of Five Indian Sfotware Companies with a total 500 software engineers i.e. Intec Software Services, Futurescape Netcom, Tandon Software Solutions, Indicos Software & Sysman Software - for Export of software servcies to Europe & USA.
2. INDO-ASIAN BUSINESS GROUP - Chief Representative India - 1997
To promote Joint Ventures between German & Indian Companies in the filed of Software.
3. EUTECH - ASIA SOFTWARE CONSORTIUM - Director Supervisory Board - 1997.
Joint Consortium of Software Comapnies - Asia Pacific Region with a total of 3300 software engineers with Head Office in Singapore. Healthcare & Intelligent BMS Software Solutions.
4. ASIAN COMPUSOFT LTD. - Director - 1997.
A wholly owned software house promoted by Asian Electronics Ltd., only for ERP for manufacturing and other industries.
5. SYSMAN COMPUTERS LTD. - Chairman - 1998.
A SoftwareHouse devoted only to Banking Software and Computer Security Systems.
D. WORKING EXPERIENCE
1. MTZ INDIA LTD., - Chief Executive - Projects & Intl. Div. - 1992 - 1994.
A 100% Indian Company manufacturing Zinc Oxide, Silica, Chemicals and trading in bulk commodities.
2. PRECISION FASTENERS LTD. Chief Executive - 1978 - 1992.
An Indo-American Joint Venture with SPS Technologies, Jenkintown, USA. PFL manufactures high tensile standard and special fasteners.
3. NEW INDIA EXPORTS LTD. - General Manager. 1976 - 1978.
A 100% Indian Export/Trading company.
4. SPECIAL STEELS LTD. - Different Assignment - 1964 - 1976.
SSL is a 100% Indian Company manufacturing steel wire rods and steel wires. Worked as Manager- Overseas Project, R & D, Marketing, Manufacturing and Planning.
5. GEORG MULLER KUGELLAGERFABRIK AG - Planning Engineer - 1963 - 1964
A ball bearing manufacturing company in South Germany.
6. ESSO STANDARD EASTERN LTD. - Sales Engineer - 1961 - 1963.
Part of Standard Oil Company of New Jersey, USA. Worked in Calcutta, India.
E. AWARDS
Recipient National Citizen Award 1995-96, presented by the Hon'ble Prime Minister of India.
F. LANGUAGES
English, German, Hindi and Punjabi.Other Places to go:
